Dictionary.
Here is a compilation of words and terminology that are commonly used on the mat and within the Dojo environment, particularly in our Budo Academy classes.
While many of these terms are introduced during class, we've compiled them here with additional context for your further exploration and study.
Arigatou.
In Japanese, "Arigatou" (ありがとう) translates to "Thank you" in English. It is a common and polite way to express gratitude or appreciation towards someone for their help, kindness or a favour they have done. "Arigatou" is a frequently used word in everyday conversations and is an essential expression of politeness and respect in Japanese culture.
Arigatou Gozaimasu.
In Japanese, "Arigatou gozaimasu" (ありがとうございます) translates to "Thank you very much" or "Thank you so much" in English. It is a polite and more formal way of expressing gratitude or appreciation, often used in situations where a higher level of respect is required, such as when addressing elders, superiors or strangers. The phrase "Arigatou gozaimasu" conveys deep appreciation and is commonly used in various social and professional settings in Japanese culture.
Bo Staff.
In Japanese, "Bo Staff" is written as "ボースタッフ." The term "Bo" (ボー) refers to a traditional Japanese staff, typically made of hardwood, used as a Martial Arts weapon and training tool.
The Bo staff is a long cylindrical weapon, typically measuring around 1.8 to 1.85 meters (approximately 6 to 6.5 feet) in length. It is thicker than the Jo Staff and usually has a diameter of around 3 to 4 centimetres (approximately 1.2 to 1.6 inches).
The Bo Staff is employed in various Martial Arts styles, such as Ju Jitsu, Karate, Kobudo and some schools of Kung Fu. It is known for its effectiveness in striking, blocking and disarming techniques, making it a versatile and powerful weapon in combat.
Training with the Bo Staff helps practitioners develop strength, coordination, and fluidity in movements, and it is often used to enhance understanding of martial principles, footwork and body mechanics.
Overall, the Bo Staff is an essential part of traditional Martial Arts training and continues to be valued for its practical applications and as a tool for honing martial skills.
Bokken.
In Japanese, "bokken" (木剣) refers to a wooden practice sword used in traditional Japanese martial arts. It is also known as a "bokuto" (木刀) or "bokken" (木剣) depending on regional variations and schools.
The bokken is typically made of hardwood, such as oak or beech, and is shaped to resemble a Katana, the traditional Japanese sword. It is an essential training tool in Martial Arts like Ju Jitsu, Aikido, Kendo, Kenjutsu and Iaido. The use of the Bokken allows practitioners to practice techniques and forms without the risk of injury from a live blade.
The bokken is an integral part of Martial Arts training, helping students develop proper technique, posture and timing. It also promotes a deeper understanding of the principles and movements involved in using a real sword.
Budo.
Budo (武道) is a Japanese term that translates to "the way of the warrior" or "martial way." It encompasses a philosophy and a system of traditional martial arts that go beyond mere physical techniques. Budo emphasises the development of the mind, body and spirit in pursuit of self-discipline, personal growth and ethical values.
The practice of Budo aims to cultivate not only physical strength and combat skills but also inner strength, mental fortitude and a deep sense of respect and humility. Central to Budo is the concept of Bushido, the "way of the warrior," which encompasses a code of moral principles, loyalty and honour.
Various martial arts are considered part of the Budo tradition, including disciplines like Ju Jitsu, Aikido, Judo, Kendo, Karate and others. Each of these arts seeks to promote harmony, balance and self-awareness through rigorous training and adherence to ethical principles.
Budo serves as a path of self-discovery and self-improvement, offering practitioners a way to find peace, discipline and personal transformation. It also fosters a sense of community and respect among fellow Martial Artists, contributing to the development of a stronger and more harmonious society.
Bushido.
Bushido (武士道) is a Japanese term that translates to "the way of the warrior" or "the samurai code." It is a code of conduct and ethical principles that were followed by the samurai, the warrior class of feudal Japan.
The Bushido code emphasised values such as loyalty, courage, honour, respect, and self-discipline. Samurai were expected to exhibit unwavering loyalty to their lord, fearlessness in the face of adversity and strict adherence to a moral and ethical code.
The principles of Bushido guided the actions and behaviour of the Samurai both on and off the battlefield. The code emphasised the importance of integrity and self-control and it also included a strong sense of duty and self-sacrifice.
Even though the Samurai class is no longer in existence in modern Japan, the legacy of Bushido continues to be a significant part of Japanese culture and has influenced various aspects of contemporary society. The principles of Bushido are often admired and respected as timeless ideals of honour and virtue.
Dogi or Gi.
In Japanese, "dogi" (道着) or "gi" (着) refers to the traditional uniform worn in various martial arts disciplines. The term is often used to describe the attire worn during training sessions or competitions in Martial Arts such as Ju Jitsu, Karate, Judo, Aikido, Kendo and other related disciplines. The dogi typically consists of a loose-fitting top called a "uwagi" (上着) and pants called "shitabaki" (下半). The uniform is designed to provide comfort, flexibility and durability while allowing practitioners to move freely during their Martial Arts practice. The word "dogi" embodies the spirit of discipline and respect that is integral to Japanese Martial Arts traditions.
Dojo.
In Japanese, "dojo" (道場) translates to "training hall" or "place of the way" in English. It refers to a space or facility where Martial Arts, particularly Japanese Martial Arts, are practiced and taught.
The term "Dojo" emphasises the concept of a place where individuals come together to train, learn, and refine their skills in a particular Martial Art. It is a space dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge, self-discipline and personal growth through rigorous Martial Arts practice.
The Dojo is not just a physical location but also represents a community and a philosophy of respect, discipline and mutual learning among its practitioners. It is a sacred space where students strive to improve themselves both physically and mentally, guided by their instructors and the principles of the Martial Art they are studying.
Enso.
In Japanese, "enso" (円相) translates to "circle" in English. It is a Zen Buddhist symbol represented by a single, hand-drawn brushstroke that forms a complete, unbroken circle.
Grading.
Gradings are an important part of our Martial Arts training. Once you've committed to your training enough and practiced all required techniques, you'll be invited along to your belt test, also known as a Grading.
These events aren't just an assessment, they are a celebration where students demonstrate their progress, skills and knowledge. It's a chance for personal growth, setting goals and celebrating achievements. Once students have achieved their new belt, they're able to practice more daring techniques on their classes.
Jo Staff.
In Japanese, "Jo Staff" is written as "ジョウスタッフ." The term "Jo" (ジョウ) refers to a traditional Japanese staff, which is often made of wood and used in various Martial Arts styles for training and self defence techniques.
The Jo Staff is typically around 1.2 to 1.3 meters in length and is thinner than the Bo Staff, another traditional Japanese weapon. The Jo staff is known for its versatility and is used for striking, blocking, and joint-locking techniques. It is an integral part of Martial Arts practices such as Ju Jitsu Aikido, Jodo and some styles of Karate, where it plays a significant role in refining footwork, balance, and timing.
The Jo staff is a valuable tool for both beginners and advanced practitioners, as it allows for the development of precise and controlled movements while promoting the understanding of martial principles and the integration of the body and weapon as one.
Ju Jitsu.
In Japanese, "Ju Jitsu" is written as 柔術. "Ju Jitsu" translates to "gentle technique", "flexible art" or "the gentle art" in English. It is a traditional Japanese Martial Art that focuses on using leverage, joint locks and throws to subdue or control an opponent, regardless of their size or strength.
The "Ju" (柔) in Ju Jitsu means "gentle" or "yielding," and it represents the art's principle of using an opponent's force and momentum against them. The "Jitsu" (術) means "technique" or "art," referring to the skilful application of techniques in combat.
Ju Jitsu emphasises efficiency, practicality and adaptability, making it suitable for self defence in real-life situations. It is also one of the foundational Martial Arts from which various other modern Martial Arts, like Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, have evolved.
Kama.
In Japanese, "kama" (鎌) refers to a traditional Okinawan and Japanese farming tool that was adapted as a weapon for self defence and combat. The Kama consists of a curved blade attached to a wooden handle, resembling a sickle or a small scythe.
Originally used as an agricultural implement for cutting crops, the Kama was later employed as a weapon in Martial Arts, particularly in Okinawan Kobudo. Its unique shape and versatility made it effective for striking, slashing and blocking techniques.
In Martial Arts training, the Kama is used to practice various techniques, improve coordination and enhance weapon-based skills. It remains an integral part of the traditional Martial Arts curriculum and is appreciated for its historical significance and practical applications.
Katana.
In Japanese, "katana" (刀) refers to a traditional and iconic Japanese sword with a curved, single-edged blade, a circular or squared guard, and a long grip. The Katana is known for its exceptional sharpness, balance and craftsmanship.
Historically, the Katana was the primary weapon of the Samurai, the warrior class of feudal Japan. It was considered a symbol of the Samurai's honour and skill. The katana was not only a deadly weapon but also a work of art, often adorned with intricate designs and fittings.
The process of crafting a Katana, known as "tamahagane," involved multiple steps of forging, folding, and tempering to create a blade of exceptional quality and durability.
In modern times, the Katana is still admired and appreciated as a symbol of Japanese martial heritage and craftsmanship. While it is no longer used in warfare, it remains a significant cultural icon and continues to be studied and practiced in various Martial Arts and traditional swordsmanship schools.
Kunoichi.
In Japanese, "kunoichi" is written as くノ一. The term "kunoichi" refers to a female ninja or female practitioner of ninjutsu, the art of stealth, espionage, and unconventional warfare in feudal Japan. The "ku" (く) character is a hiragana symbol, and "no" (ノ) is a katakana symbol, while "ichi" (一) is a kanji character, collectively forming the term "kunoichi."
Kunoichi played a crucial role in espionage, intelligence gathering, and infiltration activities during medieval Japan. They were skilled in various areas, including disguise, sabotage, assassination and using covert weapons. Kunoichi often used their feminine appearance and social expectations to their advantage, making them less conspicuous and able to infiltrate areas that might be more challenging for male ninja.
In modern times, "kunoichi" has become a term used to refer to female ninja characters in various forms of media, such as movies, anime and video games, where they are often depicted as skilled warriors with exceptional combat abilities and strategic thinking.
Kunai.
In Japanese, "kunai" is written as クナイ. It is transliterated from the English word "kunai" and is commonly used to refer to the traditional Japanese tool and weapon that was described earlier. The Japanese term for the actual traditional tool/weapon is "kunai" (くない), written with the kanji "苦無."
A kunai is a traditional Japanese tool and weapon that originated as a farming implement but eventually found use as a concealed tool for self defence and various other purposes. The kunai typically has a pointed, wedge-shaped blade with a ring or pommel at the end of the handle.
Historically, kunai were used by farmers and workers for digging, weeding, and other agricultural tasks. However, due to their sturdy construction and versatile design, they were also adapted as throwing knives and used by ninja or shinobi in feudal Japan as part of their arsenal. In popular culture, kunai are often associated with ninja characters in various forms of media such as movies, anime and video games.
It's important to note that while kunai were indeed used historically, their portrayal as a primary weapon of ninjas with various supernatural abilities is largely a product of fiction and entertainment. In reality, ninja relied on a wide range of tools and tactics to fulfill their missions and kunai were just one among many.
Ko-ryū.
Ko-ryū (古流), a Japanese term, encapsulates various traditional arts schools. This phrase directly translates to "old school," where "ko" signifies "old" and "ryū" denotes "school." Alternatively, it's understood as the "traditional school" or even the "old style."
Konnichiwa.
"Konnichiwa" (こんにちは) is a Japanese greeting that translates to "Hello" or "Good day" in English. It is commonly used as a polite and friendly way to say hello or to greet someone during the day. The word "Konnichiwa" reflects the Japanese cultural value of politeness and respect in daily interactions.
Naginata.
In Japanese, "naginata" is written as 薙刀. The term "naginata" refers to a traditional Japanese polearm weapon with a curved blade on the end of a long wooden shaft. It was historically used by Samurai and Onna-musha in feudal Japan.
The Naginata's design allowed its wielder to maintain a safe distance from their opponents while effectively striking and cutting with the sharp blade. It was a versatile weapon that was used for both mounted and foot combat, making it suitable for various battlefield scenarios.
Historically, the Naginata was primarily used by Samura and Onna-musha during feudal Japan. It was an effective weapon for both foot soldiers and horseback combat due to its reach, allowing the wielder to maintain distance from opponents while delivering powerful strikes with the blade. The Naginata was particularly useful against mounted enemies, as its long shaft and blade enabled it to cut down oncoming riders.
Today, the Naginata is still practiced in traditional Martial Arts, such as Ju Jitsu, Naginatajutsu and Koryu Bujutsu, as well as in modern Martial Arts styles and sports. It continues to be a symbol of historical Japanese warfare and the spirit of the Samurai.
Nidan.
Nidan (弐段 / 二段) meaning the 2nd Dan, is the first tier beyond the Black Belt, representing the second level of Black Belt within Ju Jitsu.
The older kanji representation for the number "2," 弐, is typically used.
An aspiring student becomes eligible for Nidan consideration after two years of dedicated training as a Shodan.
Nippon.
"Nippon" (日本) is a Japanese word that translates to "Japan" in English. It is the native name for the country and is commonly used in the Japanese language to refer to Japan. The term "Nippon" is also used on official occasions and in various cultural contexts within Japan.
Ninja.
In Japanese, "ninja" is written as 忍者. The term "ninja" refers to a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan who specialized in espionage, sabotage, infiltration, and unconventional warfare. The kanji characters for "ninja" are 忍 (nin) and 者 (ja). 忍 (nin) means "to endure" or "to hide," and 者 (ja) means "person." Together, they form the term "ninja," which can be translated as "one who endures" or "one who hides."
Ninjas were skilled in various arts, including stealth, disguise, martial arts, and the use of specialised weapons such as shuriken (throwing stars) and kunai (throwing knives). They were known for their secrecy, versatility, and ability to carry out missions without being detected. In modern times, "ninja" has become a popular and iconic figure in popular culture, appearing in movies, anime, video games and other forms of media, often portrayed with various supernatural and acrobatic abilities.
Nunchuck or Nunchaku.
In Japanese, "Nunchuck" is commonly referred to as ヌンチャク (nun-chak-u). The term "Nunchuck" refers to a traditional Okinawan martial arts weapon made of two wooden or metal sticks connected by a chain or cord. It is also known as "Nunchaku" or "Nunchuks."
The Nunchuck is known for its rapid, swinging movements and is used for striking, trapping, and blocking techniques in various Martial Arts styles, such as Ju Jitsu, Karate and Kobudo. Due to its practical applications and dynamic movements, the nunchuck has become popular in martial arts demonstrations and in popular culture as a recognizable weapon used by martial artists and action movie characters.
Obi.
In Japanese, "obi" (帯) refers to a traditional sash or belt used to secure and adorn traditional Japanese clothing, such as kimono and yukata. The obi is an essential accessory in traditional Japanese attire and is typically tied around the waist to create an elegant and decorative look. It comes in various styles, materials, and colors, and the way it is tied can convey different meanings or indicate the wearer's age, gender, and formality of the occasion. The obi is an integral part of Japanese culture and fashion, representing the beauty and sophistication of traditional clothing.
Onna-buheisha & Onna-musha.
"Onna-buheisha" and "Onna-Musha" distinguish between women fighters specialising in defensive and offensive combat, respectively.
In contrast to our familiarity with the Bushido code and the valorous exploits of male Samurai, our knowledge about female Samurai remains relatively limited.
These women belonged to the bushi or noble class within the feudal Samurai structure. They possessed legal rights to inheritances and could oversee their lands as jito or stewards, though often a second-in-command assumed the role.
Bushi women received combat training and were skilled in Martial Arts, mastering weapons like the Kaiken dagger, the Naginata and the art of knife fighting, known as Tantojutsu. They defended their territories and, when confronted with battle, exhibited a preference for self-inflicted means over enemy capture, even resorting to self-sacrifice by drowning during sieges.
Rei.
In Japanese, "rei" (礼) translates to "bow" or "bowing" in English. It refers to the act of showing respect or expressing courtesy by bowing, which is a fundamental aspect of Japanese culture and etiquette.
Bowing is a common form of greeting and showing respect in various social situations, such as when meeting someone for the first time, expressing gratitude, or acknowledging a higher-ranking person. The degree and depth of the bow can vary based on the formality of the situation and the relationship between the individuals involved.
"Rei" is an essential part of Japanese customs and is considered a sign of politeness and humility in interpersonal interactions. It reflects the values of respect and consideration for others that are deeply ingrained in Japanese society.
Samurai.
In Japanese, "samurai" is written as 侍. The term "samurai" refers to the warrior class of feudal Japan, known for their code of conduct called Bushido and their loyalty to their lords. The kanji character for "samurai" is 侍, which can also be read as "bushi."
Samurai were skilled in various forms of martial arts and were trained to be proficient in swordsmanship, archery, and horseback riding. They served as retainers to feudal lords (daimyo) and were responsible for protecting their territories, enforcing laws, and maintaining social order.
Throughout history, the samurai played a significant role in shaping Japan's political and social landscape. While the traditional samurai class no longer exists in modern Japan, their legacy and cultural impact endure and they continue to be a symbol of honor, loyalty and the warrior spirit.
Sandan.
Sandan (参段 / 三段) meaning 3rd Dan. A minimum of 3 years training as a Nidan is required before being considered for your Sandan exam.
The older kanji for three (参) is usually used.
Sai.
In Japanese, "Sai" (釵) refers to a traditional Okinawan weapon that consists of a metal truncheon with two prongs extending from the handle. The Sai is a versatile weapon that was historically used in Okinawa for self defence and law enforcement purposes.
Sai techniques involve striking, blocking, trapping and disarming an opponent. The weapon's design allows for a variety of defensive and offensive manoeuvres, making it effective in close-quarters combat.
Today, the Sai is still used in various Martial Arts practices, including Ju Jitsu, Karate, Kobudo and other forms of self defence training. It remains a symbol of Okinawan culture and is appreciated for its practical applications and as a tool for honing martial skills.
Shinpo.
"Shinpo" (進歩) is a Japanese word that translates to "progress" or "advancement" in English. It is composed of the kanji characters "進" (shin) meaning "to advance" or "to progress," and "歩" (po) meaning "step" or "movement." Together, "Shinpo" represents the idea of moving forward, making improvements, and achieving advancement in various aspects of life, society, or technology.
Shodan.
Shodan (初段), signifying "initial degree" in literal terms, embodies the entry-level black belt rank in Japanese Martial Arts. The rank directly superior to Shodan is the 2nd Dan, though the title "Shodan" retains its traditional usage rather than being termed "Ichidan." This distinction arises from the multifaceted nature of the character 初 (sho, with an alternative pronunciation: hatsu), which also conveys notions of being first, novelty and commencement in the Japanese language.
Commonly known as "first Dan," Shodan holds a significant position within the kyū/dan ranking framework prevalent in contemporary Japanese Martial Arts. This terminology encompasses both the rank a practitioner attains and their identity (for instance, it is appropriate to state that an individual possesses the Shodan rank, as well as to assert, "I hold a Shodan in 'x' martial art").
Sensei.
In Japanese, "sensei" (先生) translates to "teacher" or "instructor" in English. It is a respectful and common term used to address or refer to someone who is skilled, knowledgeable, or experienced in a particular field, especially in the context of teaching or mentoring others.
The term "sensei" is widely used in various settings, including Martial Arts, academics, arts and other fields where a mentor-student relationship exists. It shows respect and acknowledgment of the expertise and guidance provided by the person being addressed as "sensei."
Shuriken.
In Japanese, "shuriken" is written as 手裏剣. The term "shuriken" refers to a traditional Japanese concealed weapon, commonly known as a throwing star or a ninja star in English. These small, bladed weapons were historically used by ninja or shinobi for both self-defense and as a means of distraction or diversion during their missions. The kanji characters for "shuriken" are 手裏剣, where 手 (shu) means "hand," 裏 (ri) means "back" or "concealed," and 剣 (ken) means "sword" or "blade," collectively representing the essence of this covert and unique weapon.
Shuriken is a traditional Japanese throwing weapon, also known as a "throwing star" or "ninja star" in English. It is a small, bladed object designed to be thrown with precision and speed. Shuriken were historically used by ninja (or shinobi) for various purposes, including self defence, distraction, and surprise attacks during their missions.
The typical shuriken is star-shaped with sharp edges, although there are other variations with different shapes, such as spikes or blades protruding from a central point. Shuriken were made from various materials, including metal, wood, and even ceramic. The art of using shuriken was an essential skill for ninja, requiring extensive training to achieve accuracy and effectiveness in combat.
In modern times, shuriken are still used in martial arts training for their historical significance and as a symbol of traditional Japanese warfare techniques. However, it is essential to note that the use of shuriken as weapons of assassination and covert operations, as often portrayed in popular culture, is more of a myth and exaggeration than historical reality.
Senpai.
In Japanese, "senpai" (先輩) refers to a person who is more experienced, senior or has been at a particular place or organisation for a longer period than someone else. It can be translated to "senior" or "upperclassman" in English.
In a social or educational context, a "senpai" is someone who holds a higher rank, grade, or level of experience and often serves as a mentor or guide to "kohai" (後輩), who are the juniors or newcomers.
The term "senpai" is commonly used in Japanese culture, particularly in schools, Martial Arts clubs and workplaces to show respect and acknowledge the authority, experience, and guidance of those with more seniority.
Tonfa.
In Japanese, "Tonfa" is written as トンファ. The term "Tonfa" refers to a traditional Okinawan weapon that consists of a wooden stick with a handle perpendicular to the main shaft. The Tonfa is commonly used in various martial arts and law enforcement practices.
Over the years the Tonfa evolved into a versatile weapon used for self defence and combat techniques. Its design allows for a variety of strikes, blocks, and grappling manoeuvres, making it an effective tool in the hands of a skilled practitioner.
The Tonfa has been integrated into the training curriculum of Martial Arts such as Karate, Kobudo, Ju Jitsu and various other forms of self defence. It continues to be a valuable asset in modern Martial Arts practice and is recognised for its practical applications and defensive capabilities.
In Martial Arts training, the Tonfa is used for practicing techniques, improving coordination and enhancing defensive skills. It can also be used as an impact weapon or for joint locks and controls in self defence situations. The Tonfa is recognised for its practical applications and remains an essential part of the curriculum in various Martial Arts schools and styles including our Budo Academy classes.
Uke.
In Japanese, "uke" (受け) translates as "to receive" or "to accept." In Martial Arts, it is used to describe the act of receiving a technique during training or sparring.
Yame.
In Japanese, "yame" (やめ) translates to "stop" or "quit" in English. It is a simple and direct command used to tell someone to halt or cease their current action. The word "yame" is commonly used in various situations to indicate the termination of an activity or to request someone to discontinue what they are doing.
Yondan.
Yondan (四段) meaning 4th Dan. A minimum of 4 years must be spent training as a Sandan to be eligible to take the Yondan exam.
The Japanese word for four is pronounced the same as the word for death, hence Yondan is generally used in place of Shidan.